Geographic Variations in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Dyslipidemia among Chinese Adults in 2018-2019: A Cross-sectional Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the spatial patterns of the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia at the provincial level in China.@*METHODS@#A national and provincial representative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 178,558 Chinese adults in 31 provinces in mainland China in 2018-2019, using a multi-stage, stratified, cluster-randomized sampling design. Subjects, as households, were selected, followed by a home visit to collect information. Both descriptive and linear regression procedures were applied in the analyses.@*RESULTS@#The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.6%, and wide geographic variations of prevalence, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia were identified among 178,558 eligible participants with a mean age of 55.1 ± 13.8 years. The highest-lowest difference regarding the provincial level prevalence rates were 19.7% vs. 2.1% for high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 16.7% vs. 2.5% for high total cholesterol, 35.9% vs. 5.4% for high triglycerides, and 31.4% vs. 10.5% for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The treatment rate of dyslipidemia was correlated with the socio-demographic index ( P < 0.001), urbanization rate ( P = 0.01), and affordable basic technologies and essential medicines ( P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#Prevailing dyslipidemia among the Chinese population and its wide geographic variations in prevalence, treatment, and control suggest that China needs both integrated and localized public health strategies across provinces to improve lipid management.

Lifestyle Intervention in Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Students with Dyslipidemia and Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Study

Abstract Background The long incubation periods of cardiovascular diseases offer opportunities for controlling risk factors. In addition, preventive interventions in childhood are more likely to succeed because lifestyle habits become ingrained as they are repeated. Objective To investigate the effects of recreational physical activities, in combination or not with a qualitative nutritional counseling, in cardiometabolic risk factors of students with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Methods Students (8-14 years old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=23 each): i ) Control; ii ) PANC, students undergoing Physical Activity and Nutritional Counseling, and iii ) PA, students submitted to Physical Activity, only. Blood samples (12-h fasting) were collected for biochemical analysis and anthropometric markers were also assessed. Two-Way RM-ANOVA and Holm-Sidak's test, and Friedman ANOVA on Ranks and Dunn's test were applied. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Effect sizes were evaluated by Hedges' g and Cliff's δ for normal and non-Gaussian data, respectively. Results Compared to the control group and to baseline values, both interventions caused significant average reductions in total cholesterol (11%; p <0.001), LDL-c (19%; p=0.002), and non-HDL-c (19%; p=0.003). Furthermore, students in the PANC group also experienced a significant decrease in body fat compared to baseline (p=0.005) and to control (5.2%; g=0.541). Conclusions The proposed strategies were effective to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. The low cost of these interventions allows the implementation of health care programs in schools to improve the students' quality of life.

Efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo / Effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy

Introducción: Los accidentes cerebrovasculares constituyen un problema de salud mundial con tendencia creciente; en la actualidad es la tercera causa de muerte. Objetivo: Describir la efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo en la enfermedad carotidea extracraneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo en 44 pacientes sometidos a un total de 52 endarterectomías carotideas realizadas en el servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. A todos se les realizó un seguimiento clínico con ultrasonografía doppler. El período de tiempo analizado fue de ocho años. Se tuvo en cuenta las variables: sexo, edad, factores de riesgo asociados, categoría clínica, localización topográfica de las lesiones, complicaciones tardías, tiempo de permeabilidad y resultados posquirúrgicos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (68,2 por ciento). Las lesiones carotideas asintomáticas y sintomáticas representaron el 50 por ciento respectivamente. El hábito de fumar y la dislipidemia fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. Hubo predominio de las complicaciones tardías (55,8 por ciento) con relevancia de la restenosis carotidea (n= 21). El tiempo promedio de permeabilidad primaria del sector revascularizado fue de cinco años. El 86,5 por ciento de los pacientes seguidos a largo plazo mostraron resultados posquirúrgicos satisfactorios al no presentar eventos neurológicos isquémicos o lesiones carotideas con repercusión hemodinámica. Conclusiones: La endarterectomía carotidea es un procedimiento seguro con baja morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatorias que garantiza una reducción significativa en las tasas de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica en el seguimiento a largo plazo con baja incidencia de complicaciones vasculares y neurológicas tardías(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular events constitute a global health problem with a growing tendency. Nowadays, they represent the third cause of death. Objective: To describe the effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy in the extracranial carotid disease. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective study was conducted in 44 patients subjected to 52 carotid endarterectomies that were performed in the service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Hermanos Ameijeiras Teaching-Clinical- Surgical Hospital. A clinical follow-up was performed with Doppler ultrasonography to all the patients. The period analyzed was eight years. The variables considered were: sex, age, associated risk factors, clinical category, topographical localization of the lesions, late complications, time of permeability and postsurgical results. Results: Male sex predominated (68,2 percent). Asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid lesions represented 50 percent respectively. The smoking habit and dyslipidemia were the most common risk factors. There was predominance of late complications (55,8 percent) being notable the carotid restenosis (n = 21). The average time of primary permeability of the revascularized sector was five years. 86,5 percent of the patients followed in the long term showed satisfactory postsurgical results by not presenting ischemic neurological events or carotid lesions with hemodynamic impact. Conclusions: Carotid endarterectomy is a safe procedure with low morbidity and peri-operative mortality that ensures a significant reduction in ischemic cerebrovascular disease´s rates in long-term follow-up with low incidence of late vascular and neurological complications(AU)

Intervención educativa para la prevención de complicaciones en pacientes con dislipidemia / Educational intervention for the prevention of complications in patients with dyslipidemia

RESUMEN Introducción: actualmente, la enfermedad ateroesclerótica está entre las principales causas de muerte, incapacidad y demencia en adultos mayores. Su causalidad es multifactorial, pero es indiscutible la relación de la dislipidemia con los riesgos de eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivo: dotar de información necesaria a pacientes, para modificar estilos de vida y lograr un impacto positivo en la reducción de la morbimortalidad, producida por enfermedades ateroescleróticas. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó un proyecto de intervención a través de acciones educativas a un grupo de pacientes adultos (n=234) con dislipidemia. Atendidos en la Unidad de Salud Oziel Montecristo, por el equipo I (blanco) del municipio de Campinas, Departamento de São Paulo. Entre enero a julio del 2016. Los participantes fueron sometidos a una encuesta antes y después de recibir la información. Resultados: el grupo etáreo que predominó fue entre 20-50 años con 55,5 %. La escolaridad primaria fue más significativa en el 41 %. Otros factores de riesgo reportados fue obesidad, 46,5 %; fumadores, 9,4 %; con etilismo crónico, 8,5 % y sedentarismo 71,7 %. Las enfermedades crónicas presentes fueron: hipertensión arterial, 53,4 %; diabetes mellitus, 40,5 %; cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad renal crónica el 20,9 % y 9,4 %, respectivamente. Se lograron resultados positivos en el auditorio, un número importante de pacientes continuaron en los grupos terapéuticos. Conclusiones: los pacientes se apropiaron de conocimientos importantes sobre la dislipidemia, para practicar estilos de vida saludables, que disminuyan el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: currently, atherosclerotic disease is among the main causes of death, disability and dementia in elder people. It is caused by multiple factors, but it is indisputable the relation of dyslipidemia with the risk of cardiovascular events. Objective: to provide the necessary information to patients for them to modify life styles and achieving a positive impact in the reduction of the morbidity and mortality caused by atherosclerotic diseases. Materials and methods: an intervention project was applied through educative actions in a group of adult patients (n=234) with dyslipidemia, treated in the Health Unit ¨Oziel Montecristo¨, by the team I (white), of the municipality Campinas, São Paulo Department, from January to July 2016. The participants answered an inquiry before and after receiving the information. Results: the predominant age group was the 20-50 years one, with 55.5 %. Primary scholarship was the most significant (41 %). Other reported factors were obesity, 46.5 %; smoking, 9.4 %; chronic alcoholism, 8.5 %; and sedentary life style, 71.7 %. The chronic diseases found were: arterial hypertension, 53.4 %; diabetes mellitus, 40.5 %; ischemic heart disease, 20.9 %; and chronic renal disease, 9.4 %. Positive results were achieved in the audience; an important number of patients continued in therapeutic groups. Conclusions: the patients assimilated important knowledge on dyslipidemia, to practice healthy life styles decreasing the risk of cardiovascular events (AU).

Efectividad y seguridad del cambio a esquema basado en raltegravir en pacientes con infección por VIH dislipidémicos bajo terapia anti-retroviral en Fundación Arriarán / Efectiveness and safety of switching to raltegravir-based regimen in dyslipidemic HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Arriaran Foundation

Resumen Introducción: El impacto del cambio de terapia antiretroviral (TAR) para tratar la dislipidemia en pacientes infectados por VIH no ha sido reportado en Chile. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad a 12 meses del cambio de TAR a esquema con raltegravir (RAL) para tratar la dislipidemia. Material y Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con infección por VIH en TAR, atendidos en Fundación Arriarán, con dislipidemia y que cambiaron a esquema con RAL para tratarla. Resultados: Se incluyó 73 casos, en TAR con inhibidores no nucleosídicos de transcriptasa reversa (INNTR; 50,7%) o inhibidores de proteasa (IP; 49,3%), con dislipidemia mixta (42,5%) o hipertrigliceridemia aislada (57,5%). La mediana de colesterol total (CT) y triglicéridos (TG) basales era 228 mg/dl y 420 mg/dl, respectivamente. El 94,5% tenía carga viral (CV) indetectable. Se modificó TAR de base en 58,4%; 89,1% recibía hipolipemiantes. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos descendieron significativamente a 12 meses (TG= −43,6%; CT= −19,3%). Ningún paciente presentó fracaso virológico, aunque 10,9% tuvo viremia detectable a 12 meses, mayoritariamente transitoria. Conclusiones: El cambio de TAR a RAL en pacientes dislipidémicos tratados con INNTR o IP reduce significativamente las concentraciones plasmáticas de TG y CT a 12 meses. Es una estrategia segura, pero puede observarse viremia transitoria.

Background: The impact of switching antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen for dyslipidemia management in HIV-infected (HIV+) patients has not been reported in Chile. Aim: To assess effectiveness and safety at 12 months after switching to raltegravir-based regimen for dyslipidemia management. Methods: Retrospective cohort of HIV+ patients receiving ART at Arriaran Foundation, with dyslipidemia switched to raltegravir-based regimen for lipid management. Results: 73 patients were included, receiving ART based in nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI; 50,7%) or protease inhibitor (PI; 49,3%), with mixed dyslipidemia (42,5%) or isolated hypertriglyceridemia (57,5%). At baseline, median total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were 228 mg/dl and 420 mg/dl, respectively; undetectable viral load (VL) was present in 94,5% of patients. Backbone ART was switched in 58,4% and lipid-lowering therapy was used by 89,1% of them. At 12 months, there was a significant decrease in TG (-43,6%) and TC (-19,3%). No cases of virologic failure were observed, although 10,9% of patients had detectable VL at 12 months, mostly transient. Conclusions: Switching ART to raltegravir-based regimen in dyslipidemic patients receiving NNRTI or PI is associated with a significative decrease in TG and TC at 12 months. This strategy is safe, but VL can be increased temporarily.

Prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in diabetic participants of two brazilian cohorts: a place far from heaven

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Diabetes is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Over the last years, mortality has decreased significantly, more in individuals with diabetes than in healthy ones. That is mostly due to the control of other cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of our study was to analyze the dyslipidemia control in two diabetes cohorts. METHODS Patients from two distinct cohorts were studied, 173 patients from the BHS (Brasília Heart Study) and 222 patients from the BDS (Brazilian Diabetes Study). The data on dyslipidemia control were studied in both different populations. All patients had diabetes. RESULTS There are significant differences concerning comorbidities between the LDL-C and BDS groups. The average glycated hemoglobin is of 8.2 in the LDL-C > 100 group in comparison with 7.7 and 7.5 in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.024). There is a higher percentage of hypertensive patients with LDL between 70-100 (63.9%), when comparing the < 70 and > 100 groups (54.3% and 54.9%, respectively; p = 0.005). Diastolic pressure is higher in the group with LDL > 100, with an average of 87 mmHg, in comparison with 82.6 mmHg and 81.9 mmHg in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.019). The group with LDL > 100 has the greatest percentage of smokers (8.7%) in comparison with the groups with LDL between 70-100 and < 70 (5.6% and 4.3%, respectively; p = 0.015). There is also a difference in the previous incidence of coronaropathy. In the group with LDL < 70, 28.3% of patients had already experienced a previous infarction, compared with 11.1% and 10.6% in the 70-100 and > 100 groups, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The data in our study have shown that the dyslipidemia control in diabetic patients is inadequate and there is a tendency of direct association between lack of blood glucose control and lack of dyslipidemia control, in addition to the association with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diastolic hypertension and smoking. This worsened control might be related to the plateau in the descending curve of mortality, and investments in this regard can improve the cardiovascular health in diabetic patients.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O diabetes é importante causa de mortalidade cardiovascular. Nos últimos anos, a mortalidade diminuiu substancialmente, mais em diabéticos do que em não diabéticos, em grande parte devido ao controle de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Nosso estudo tem como objetivo analisar o controle de dislipidemia em duas coortes de diabéticos. MÉTODOS Foram estudados pacientes de duas coortes distintas, sendo 173 pacientes do BHS (Brasília Heart Study) e 222 pacientes do BDS (Brazilian Diabetes Study). Os dados sobre controle de dislipidemia foram estudados nas duas populações diferentes. Todos os pacientes eram diabéticos. RESULTADOS Há diferenças significativas em relação às comorbidades entre os grupos de LDL-C no BDS. A média de hemoglobina glicada é de 8,2 no grupo com LDL-C > 100, comparado com 7,7 e 7,5 nos grupos 70-100 e < 70, respectivamente (p = 0,024). Há maior porcentagem de pacientes hipertensos com LDL entre 70-100 (63,9%), quando comparado aos grupos < 70 e > 100 (54,3% e 54,9%, respectivamente; p = 0,005). A pressão diastólica é mais elevada no grupo com LDL > 100, com média de 87 mmHg, comparado com 82,6 mmHg e 81,9 mmHg nos grupos 70-100 e < 70, respectivamente (p = 0,019). O grupo com LDL > 100 tem maior porcentagem de tabagistas (8,7%) quando comparado aos grupos com LDL entre 70-100 e < 70 (5,6% e 4,3%, respectivamente; p = 0,015). Há, também, diferença na incidência prévia de coronariopatia. No grupo com LDL < 70, 28,3% dos pacientes já apresentaram infarto prévio, comparados com 11,1% e 10,6% nos grupos 70-100 e > 100, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO Os dados do nosso estudo mostram que o controle de dislipidemia em diabéticos é inadequado, e há uma tendência de associação direta entre descontrole glicêmico e descontrole de dislipidemia, além de associação com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertensão diastólica e tabagismo. Esse pior controle pode estar relacionado ao platô no descenso da curva de mortalidade, e o investimento nesse quesito pode melhorar a saúde cardiovascular dos diabéticos.

Dieta aterogénica y alteración de los índices de riesgo cardiovascular / Atherogenic diet and alteration of cardiovascular risk indexes

Introducción: una alimentación muy selectiva y poco variada durante la primera infancia, puede modificar seriamente los índices de riesgo cardiovascular, ante lo cual, la detección de la alteración lipídica es de suma importancia para promover e implementar el cambio de hábitos. Caso clínico: se presenta una niña de 6 años con una dieta a base de alimentos industriales, a quien se le realizó un perfil lipídico, por considerar que la alimentación tan limitada que consumía era un factor de riesgo aterogénico. Esto permitió diagnosticar una marcada disminución del HDL-colesterol, hipertrigliceridemia y franca alteración de los índices de riesgo. Discusión: existe una relación directa entre la hipertrigliceridemia y el consumo de azúcares simples, presentes en las golosinas, postres o gaseosas. Además, las grasas saturadas e industriales (trans) son responsables de la disminución del colesterol HDL. Llamó la atención la contundencia que ejerció la alteración del laboratorio, sobre el accionar de los padres. Luego de 6 meses de poner en práctica las indicaciones, los valores y los índices de riesgo se normalizaron. Conclusiones: se destaca la importancia de realizar un perfil lipídico en niños mayores de 2 años cuando se detecta el consumo de una dieta aterogénica, dado que el descenso de colesterol HDL tiene relación directa con la alimentación y el estilo de vida. Un valor inferior a 45 mg/dL es un factor de riesgo que puede ser modificado(AU)

Introduction: a very selective and little varied diet during early childhood can seriously modify the cardiovascular risk indexes, and because of that the detection of lipid alteration is very important to promote and implement the change of habits. Clinical case: a 6-year-old girl was presented with a diet based on industrial foods. A lipid profile was made considering that the very limited diet she consumed was an atherogenic risk factor. This allowed diagnosing a marked decrease in HDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and real alteration in the risk indexes. Discussion: there is a direct relation among hypertriglyceridemia and the consumption of simple sugars, which are present in sweets, desserts or sodas. In addition, saturated and industrial (trans) fats are responsible for lowering HDL cholesterol. It was significant the impact of the alteration in the laboratory results in the actions taken by the parents. After 6 months of putting the indications into practice, the values and risk indexes were normalized. Conclusions: it is highlighted the importance of performing a lipid profile in children older than 2 years when the consumption of an atherogenic diet is detected, since the decrease in HDL cholesterol is directly related to diet and lifestyle. A value below 45 mg/dL is a risk factor that can be modified(AU)

Effect of physical exercise on the renal structures of ovariectomized female LDL knockout mice / Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las estructuras renales de ratones hembras con LDL ovariectomizadas

SUMMARY: The reduction of ovarian function and a decrease in estrogen levels marked by menopause are related to increased susceptibility to develop dyslipidemia. These alterations in the lipid profile can have consequences in renal tissue and generate injuries that may progress to renal failure. The practice of physical activity is an important factor for the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia and its consequences. The objective of this study is to observe the effects of physical exercise on the right kidney of ovariectomized female LDL knockout mice. Animals were submitted to moderate physical exercise, sacrificed, and the right kidney was removed for morphometric and stereological analysis. The results showed that dyslipidemia promoted a decrease in the areas of the corpuscle and renal glomerulus, in the volume density of light in both the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and an increase in capsular space, particularly more marked in the proximal tubules. We also observed that physical exercise decreased the analyzed parameters. Our results suggest the association of physical training and dyslipidemia presents a tendency to reduce the dimensions of morphometric and stereological parameters of the kidney. These changes may be related to metabolic and physiological adaptation of renal tissue during physical exercise.

RESUMEN: La reducción de la función ovárica y una disminución en los niveles de estrógeno, marcados por la menopausia, se relacionan con una mayor susceptibilidad a desarrollar dislipidemia. Estas alteraciones en el perfil lipídico pueden tener consecuencias en el tejido renal y generar lesiones que pueden progresar a insuficiencia renal. La práctica de la actividad física es un factor importante para el tratamiento y la prevención de la dislipidemia y sus consecuencias. El objetivo de este estudio fue observar los efectos del ejercicio físico en el riñón derecho de ratones hembras con LDL ovariectomizados. Los animales fueron sometidos a ejercicio físico moderado, se sacrificaron y se extrajo el riñón derecho para el análisis morfométrico y estereológico. Los resultados mostraron que la dislipidemia promovió una disminución en las áreas del corpúsculo y el glomérulo renal, en la densidad volumétrica de la luz en los túbulos contorneados proximales y distales, y un aumento en el espacio capsular, particularmente más marcado en los túbulos proximales. También observamos que el ejercicio físico disminuyó los parámetros analizados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la asociación del entrenamiento físico y la dislipidemia presentan una tendencia a reducir las dimensiones de los parámetros morfométricos y estereológicos del riñón. Estos cambios pueden estar relacionados con la adaptación metabólica y fisiológica del tejido renal durante el ejercicio físico.

Protective effect of yerba mate intake on the cardiovascular system: a post hoc analysis study in postmenopausal women

The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is increased in postmenopausal women, which contributes to the burden of illnesses in this period of life. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a native bush from Southern South America. Its leaves are rich in phenolic components, which may have antioxidant, vasodilating, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic proprieties. This post hoc analysis of the case-control study nested in the Obesity and Bone Fracture Cohort evaluated the consumption of yerba mate and the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary diseases in postmenopausal women. Ninety-five postmenopausal women were included in this analysis. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate the risk factors and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and consumption of yerba mate infusion. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used to assess significant differences between groups. The group that consumed more than 1 L/day of mate infusion had significantly fewer diagnoses of coronary disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (P<0.049, P<0.048, and P<0.016, respectively). Furthermore, the serum levels of glucose were lower in the group with a higher consumption of yerba mate infusion (P<0.013). The serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar between the groups. This pragmatic study points out the benefits of yerba mate consumption for the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. The ingestion of more than 1 L/day of mate infusion was associated with fewer self-reported cardiovascular diseases and lower serum levels of glucose. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the association between yerba mate infusion and reduction of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

Detección precoz de pacientes con riesgo de diabetes mellitus en la atención secundaria de salud / Early detection of patients at risk of diabetes mellitus in secondary health care

Introducción: los pacientes prediabéticos poseen riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus. Su diagnóstico precoz puede prevenir la aparición de esta condición metabólica. Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de pacientes con prediabetes durante el chequeo médico y la caracterización de algunos aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroyde Matanzas. La muestra estuvo constituida por 434 individuos a los que se les diagnosticó prediabetes. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (88 por ciento), siendo más frecuente para ambos sexos el grupo de edad de 45 a 54 años. En la categoría de glicemia en ayunas alterada hubo 234 pacientes (54 por ciento), 139 (32 por ciento) con tolerancia a la glucosa alterada y 61 (14 por ciento) portadores de prediabetes doble. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la dislipidemia, seguido del índice de masa corporal mayor e igual de 25 y la edad mayor de 45 años. En las enfermedades concomitantes predominó la hipertensión arterial esencial (68 por ciento) y la cardiopatía isquémica (25 por ciento). En el estado nutricional predominaron los sobrepesos y obesos con el 54 y 47 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: en la atención secundaria de salud fue detectada precozmente una elevada prevalencia de pacientes con riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que desconocían su condición(AU)

Introduction: Pre-diabetic patients are at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Early diagnosis can prevent the onset of this metabolic condition. Objective: To identify the prevalence of patients with prediabetes during the medical check-up, and at the same time to characterize some clinical and epidemiological aspects. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Teaching Hospital Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy from Matanzas. The sample consisted of 434 individuals who were diagnosed with prediabetes. Results: The male sex predominated (88 percent), being more frequent for both sexes the age group of 45 to 54 years. In the altered fasting glycemia category, there were 234 patients (54 percent), 139 (32 percent) with impaired glucose tolerance and 61 (14 percent) patients with double prediabetes. The most frequent risk factor was dyslipidemia, followed by a greater and equal body mass index of 25 and age over 45 years. In the concomitant diseases, essential hypertension predominated (68 percent) and ischemic heart disease (25 percent). In the nutritional status, overweight and obese were predominant with 54 and 47 percent, respectively. Conclusions: At secondary health care, a high prevalence of patients with risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not know their condition was detected early(AU)

Family history of cardiovascular disease and non-HDL cholesterol in prepubescent non-obese children / Importância clínica da história familiar de doença cardiovascular e da dosagem do colesterol não HDL em crianças eutróficas

Summary Objective: To describe the values of non-HDL cholesterol (NHDL-c) and the frequency of a family history of early cardiovascular disease (family HCVD) in healthy prepubescent children. Analyze the association between NHDL-c and family HCVD, and possible associations with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Method: Cross-sectional study including 269 prepubescent (aged 6-10 years) schoolchildren with a normal body mass index (+1SD<BMI>-2SD). Data collected: Family HCVD; weight and height, waist circumference and systemic blood pressure; lipid profile (total cholesterol TC, HDL-c, triglycerides and LDL-c), NHDL-c calculation (CT-HDL-c, cut-off = 145 mg/dL) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: High levels were found for NHDL-c in 10 (3.7%) of these schoolchildren, and family early HCVD was found in 46 (17.1%) of them. There was a weak association between family HCVD and NHDL-c (Cramer’s-V-test = 0.120; p=0.050). Among the children with NHDL-c≥145 mg/dL, 4 (40%) have family HCVD. The presence of family HCVD was not associated with the variables being studied. The variables independently associated with NHDL-c ≥ 145 mg/dL were: HOMA-IR (OR=1.7; 95CI 1.1-2.6) and diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.1; 95CI 1.02-1.2). Conclusion: NHDL-c values were associated with blood pressure and insulin resistance. Family HCVD was not associated with other classic risk factors for CVD, even though the frequency found was five times higher than that of high NHDL-c.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever os valores do colesterol não HDL (NHDL-c) e a frequência de história cardiovascular familiar precoce (HDCV familiar) em crianças eutróficas e pré-púberes. Analisar a associação entre o NHDL-c e o HDCV familiar e possíveis associações com outros fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Método: estudo transversal com 269 escolares (6-10 anos) pré-púberes e com índice de massa corporal normal (+1DP<IMC>-2DP). Dados coletados: HDCV familiar; peso e estatura, circunferência abdominal e pressão arterial sistêmica; perfil lipídico (colesterol total – CT, HDL-c, triglicérides e LDL-c), cálculo do NHDL-c (CT-HDL-c, ponto de corte 145 mg/dL) e resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). Resultados: observaram-se valores elevados de NHDL-c em 10 (3,7%) e presença de HDCV familiar precoce em 46 (17,1%) crianças. Houve fraca associação entre HDCV familiar e NHDL-c (Cramer’s-V-test = 0,120; p=0,050). Entre as crianças com NHDL-c ≥145 mg/dL, quatro (40%) tinham HDCV familiar. A presença de HDCV familiar não se associou com as variáveis estudadas. As variáveis que se associaram de forma independente com o NHDL-c ≥145 mg/dL foram HOMA-IR (OR=1,7; IC95% 1,1-2,6) e pressão arterial diastólica (OR=1,1; IC95% 1,02-1,2). Conclusão: os valores de NHDL-c se associaram com pressão arterial e resistência insulínica. HDCV familiar não se associou com outros fatores de risco clássicos para DCV, embora a frequência encontrada tenha sido quase cinco vezes superior à de NHDL-c elevado.

Sobrepeso y dislipidemias en adolescentes / Overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente hay consenso en que el proceso aterosclerótico se inicia en la infancia, y la dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénicos que deben ser estudiados, así como la valoración nutricional para una adecuada prevención. OBJETIVO: identificar algunas señales de aterosclerosis tempranas como el sobrepeso y las dislipidemias en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 372 adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica "Protesta de Baraguá". Se hicieron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Se tomó muestra de sangre venosa con ayuno de 12 horas. Se midió el colesterol total, el colesterol unido a lipoproteína baja y alta densidad, y triglicéridos. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron prueba de comprobación de media entre variables de valoración nutricional y lipídicas entre sexos (prueba t), y se trabajó con una probabilidad de error menor de 0,05. RESULTADOS: la media del peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura fueron mayores en el sexo masculino (p< 0,05). El exceso de peso fue 23,7 %, y a partir del percentil 90-97 hubo un 21,8 % de exceso de grasa abdominal. La media del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y triglicéridos, fue similar en los diferentes sexos, sin relación significativa (p> 0,05). El 18,5 % presentó colesterol total limítrofe alto, el 26,6 % tenía triglicéridos limítrofe alto y 7,5 % alto, con predominio del sexo femenino. CONCLUSIONES: alrededor de la cuarta parte de los adolescentes tenían exceso de peso e incremento de la grasa abdominal, casi la cuarta parte tenía el colesterol total limítrofe y alto, y la alteración lipídica observada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertrigliceridemia.

INTRODUCTION: there is a current consensus that the atherosclerotic process begins at childhood and that dyslipidemia is one of the atherogenic risk factors to be studied together with the nutritional assessment for the adequate prevention of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: to identify some early signs of atherosclerosis such as overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 372 teenagers from "Protesta de Baragua" junior high school. Weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hour fasting. Total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were all measured. The statistical analysis included the t test among nutritional assessment and lipid variables between sexes and the error probability was lower than 0.05. RESULTS: weight, height and waist circumference means were higher in males (p< 0.05). Overweight was 23.7 % and from the 90-97th percentile, the excessive abdominal fat was 21.8 %. The mean of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins and triglycerides was similar in both sexes, with no significant relation (p> 0.05). In this group, 18.5 % of adolescents presented with borderline high total cholesterol, 26.6 % showed borderline high triglyceride rate and 7.5 % had high cholesterol, being females predominant. CONCLUSIONS: one fourth of adolescents approximately exhibited overweight and increased abdominal fat; almost 25 % had reached borderline and high total cholesterol whereas the most observed lipid disorder was hypertrigliceridemia.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias en niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones de la rama de nutrición de la sociedad chilena de pediatría / Dyslipidemia management in children and adolescents: recommendations of the nutrition branch of the chilean society of pediatrics

La prevalencia de dislipidemias ha aumentado en niños y adolescentes, muchas de ellas asociadas al incremento de la obesidad. Puesto que constituyen un factor de riesgo cardiovascular futuro, deben conocerse las bases de su tratamiento. En la gran mayoría de los pacientes, éste consiste en cambios de estilo de vida, con dieta específica y aumento de la actividad física, presentando habitualmente una respuesta favorable. Solo una minoría requiere tratamiento medicamentoso, el que debe ser realizado por especialista en el contexto de una evaluación completa del perfil de riesgo cardiovascular, con la inclusión del paciente y su familia. Sin embargo, la prevención de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular debe ser realizada por todos los miembros del equipo de salud. Este artículo presenta las recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría para el diagnóstico, tamizaje y tratamiento de las dislipidemias en la niñez.

The prevalence of dyslipidemia has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, and many of these cases are associated with increased obesity. As this condition represents cardiovascular risk in the future, the bases of its treatment should be widely known. In the vast majority of patients, there will be lifestyle changes, specific diet and increased physical activity, usually all of these resulting in a favorable response. Only a minority will require drug treatment, which must be prescribed by a specialist in the context of a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment, including the patient and his family. The prevention of cardiovascular risk factors should be performed by all members of the health team. This article presents the recommendations of the Nutrition specialists of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics for screening, diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia in childhood.

Adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con dislipoproteinemias / Adherence to treatment in patients with dyslipoproteinemias

Antecedentes: la adherencia terapéutica en las dislipoproteinemias es un elemento esencial en la prevención de las complicaciones de la aterosclerosis. Objetivos: determinar el nivel de adherencia en pacientes con dislipoproteinemias, e identificar los factores relacionados con esta. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. Incluyó 91 sujetos que acudieron a la consulta de dislipoproteinemias en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, en La Habana, Cuba, en el periodo de enero a junio de 2011, con ³ 20 años de edad y al menos 12 semanas de asistir a la consulta. Fue aplicado un cuestionario anónimo y auto administrado, dividido en 3 secciones, que incluyeron variables relacionadas con la caracterización del grupo, como: sexo, grupo de edad, escolaridad, ocupación; categorías que describen la adherencia; y factores relacionados con esta. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y se utilizó la prueba chi². Resultados: el rango de edad predominante fue de 40 a 59 años (94,9 por ciento). El 85,8 por ciento eran preuniversitarios, y el 40,7 por ciento de la muestra presentó adherencia terapéutica. El cumplimiento de la dieta, del horario y de las dosis de los fármacos se asoció significativamente con la adherencia terapéutica (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes no presentaron adherencia terapéutica, en relación con el incumplimiento de la dieta y de la práctica de ejercicios. En un grupo menor de pacientes el cumplimiento del horario y la dosis del medicamento correspondieron con la mejor adhesión. Los factores que obstaculizan la adherencia terapéutica resultaron ser la carencia de frutas y vegetales en el mercado, así como también el abandono de la dieta. Los factores favorecedores fueron el adecuado apoyo familiar y la correcta información brindada por el médico de asistencia(AU)

Background: adherence to treatment in dyslipoproteinemias is an essential element for the prevention of atherosclerosis complications. Objectives: to determine the extent of adherence to treatment in patients with dyslipoproteinemias and to identify the factors related to it. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 91 individuals who went to the dyslipoproteinemias service of the Center of Care for Diabetic Patients in the National Institute of Endocrinology in Havana, Cuba from January to June 2011. They were aged ³ 20 years and attended this service for at least 12 weeks. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire divided into 3 sections was applied; it included variables about the group characterization such as sex, age group, schooling, occupation, categories describing adherence to treatment and factors related to it. Summary statistics were estimated and chi-square test was used. Results: the predominant age group was 40 to 59 years (94.9 percent). In this sample, 85.8 percent had finished high school and 40.7 percent showed adherence to treatment. Compliance with diet, meal times and drug doses was significantly associated to adherence to treatment (p< 0.05). Conclusions: most of patients did not comply with treatment in terms of diet and exercising. In a lower number of patients, compliance with meal times and drug doses were related to better adherence to treatment. The factors hindering the adherence proved to be lack of fruits and vegetables at the marketplace as well as ignoring diet. The favoring factors were adequate family support and correct information provided by the attending physician(AU)